The production and isolation of single-layer graphene in 2004 sparked global interest in 2D materials. The unique structures and properties of these atomically thin materials arise from the hybridization and quantum confinement of their electrons when structured in layered planes rather than 3D bulk. The portfolio of 2D materials has since grown enormously, each with tuned properties catering to different uses. Early progress focused predominantly on lab-scale proof-of-concept studies into these materials' capabilities. However, the last decade's exponential rise in publications and patents signals the transition towards commercialization and real-world implementation is well underway.
The advent of 2D materials has unlocked exceptional functionalities, from electronics to energy storage, that promise transformative technologies. However, significant challenges have emerged with their rising demand, hindering their widespread and sustainable adoption in a circular economy.